Origin and Habitat: Mexico (Coahuila: Parras, Viesca)

• Turbinicarpus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) A.D.Zimmerman
• Echinocactus mandragora Frič ex A.Berger
• Gymnocactus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Backeb.
• Lodia mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Mosco & Zanov.
• Neolloydia mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) E.F.Anderson
• Pediocactus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Halda
• Rapicactus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Buxb. & Oehme
• Thelocactus mandragora A.Berger

• Turbinicarpus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) A.D.Zimmerman
• Echinocactus mandragora Frič ex A.Berger
• Gymnocactus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Backeb.
• Lodia mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Mosco & Zanov.
• Neolloydia mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) E.F.Anderson
• Pediocactus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Halda
• Rapicactus mandragora (Frič ex A.Berger) Buxb. & Oehme
• Thelocactus mandragora A.Berger

• Turbinicarpus mandragora subs. beguinii (N.P.Taylor) Lüthy
• Echinocactus beguinii F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.
• Gymnocactus beguinii (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Backeb.
• Mammillaria beguinii (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) hort.
• Neolloydia beguinii (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Britton & Rose
• Neolloydia glassii Doweld
• Neolloydia smithii var. beguinii (F.A.C.Weber) Kladiwa & Fittkau in Krainz
• Rapicactus beguinii (N.P.Taylor) Lüthy
• Thelocactus beguinii N.P.Taylor
• Turbinicarpus beguinii (N.P.Taylor) Mosco & Zanov.
• Turbinicarpus beguinii subs. albiflorus
• Turbinicarpus beguinii subs. haenkeanus Halda, Horáček & Malina
• Turbinicarpus beguinii subs. hintoniorum A.Hofer
• Neolloydia glassii var. hintoniorum (A.Hofer) Doweld
• Rapicactus beguinii subs. hintoniorum (A.Hofer) Lüthy
• Turbinicarpus beguinii subs. senilis M.Zachar & Lux
• Gymnocactus beguinii var. senilis Y.Itô

• Turbinicarpus mandragora subs. booleanus (G.S.Hinton) Lüthy
• Neolloydia booleana (G.S.Hinton) Doweld
• Rapicactus booleanus (G.S.Hinton) D.Donati
• Rapicactus subterraneus subs. booleanus (G.S.Hinton) Lüthy
• Turbinicarpus booleanus G.S.Hinton
• Turbinicarpus subterraneus subs. booleanus (G.S.Hinton) M.Zachar
• Turbinicarpus subterraneus subs. booleanus (G.S.Hinton) D.R.Hunt
• Turbinicarpus subterraneus var. booleanus (G.S.Hinton) D.R.Hunt

• Turbinicarpus mandragora subs. pailanus (Halda & Panar.) Lüthy
• Neolloydia pailana (Halda & Panar.) Doweld
• Rapicactus mandragora subs. pailanus var. mandragora (Halda & Panar.) Lüthy
• Rapicactus pailanus (Halda & Panar.) D.Donati
• Turbinicarpus beguinii subs. pailanus (Halda & Panar.) U.Guzmán
• Turbinicarpus pailanus Halda & Panar.

• Turbinicarpus mandragora subs. subterraneus (Backeb.) Lüthy
• Echinocactus subterraneus Backeb.
• Gymnocactus subterraneus (Backeb.) Backeb. ex Fritz Schwarz
• Neolloydia subterranea (Backeb.) H.E.Moore
• Pediocactus subterraneus (Backeb.) Halda
• Rapicactus subterraneus (Backeb.) Buxb. & Oehme
• Thelocactus subterraneus Backeb.
• Turbinicarpus subterraneus (Backeb.) A.D.Zimmerman

• Turbinicarpus mandragora subs. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Lüthy
• Gymnocactus subterraneus var. zaragosae Glass & R.A.Foster
• Neolloydia subterranea subs. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Doweld
• Neolloydia subterranea var. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) E.F.Anderson
• Neolloydia zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Doweld
• Pediocactus subterraneus var. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Halda
• Rapicactus subterraneus subs. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Lüthy
• Rapicactus zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) D.Donati
• Thelocactus subterraneus var. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Bravo
• Turbinicarpus beguinii subs. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) D.R.Hunt
• Turbinicarpus subterraneus subs. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) M.Zachar
• Turbinicarpus subterraneus var. zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) A.D.Zimmerman
• Turbinicarpus zaragosae (Glass & R.A.Foster) Glass & A.Hofer

Description: Solitary (may branch if the growing tip is damaged)
Stem: Grey-green , 4-6 cm in diameter spherical to turbinate, that become narrower at the collar. It is composed of hard, spirally arranged rhomboid and close-set 4-angled tubercles. These tubercules are flattened and almost truncated above, and somewhat horny or keeled below.
Roots: Strong tuberous roots
Central spines: 2 whitish with dark brown tips, 2 cm long;
Central spines: 12 radials, 5-8 mm long.
Flowers: White with pink midstripes, on summer days, 2 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter.
Fruits: without scales, that split open when ripe.

Notes: Many of the plants sold as “mandragora” are Turbinicarpus subterraneusSN|1934]]SN|1934]] or other species not related to the true mandragora. The seeds of this species are very different from that of subterraneus and related species (beguinii, booleanus, pailanus, zaragozae). The Seed morphology of this species is particular and similar to Pediocactus.

Bibliography: Major references and further lectures
1) Edward Anderson “The Cactus family” Timber Press, Incorporated, 2001
2) James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey "The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass" Cambridge University Press, 11/Aug/2011
3) David R Hunt; Nigel P Taylor; Graham Charles; International Cactaceae Systematics Group. "The New Cactus Lexicon" dh books, 2006

Cultivation and Propagation: It is a summer-growing species fairly easy and robust to cultivate, but very slow growing. This plant is xerophytic, adapted to dry soils and is quite susceptible to over-watering if kept in a non ventilated place.
Growth rate: Slow-growing.
Soil: Grow it in an open mineral, sandy-gritty cactus compost and provide a very good drainage.
Exposure: It is suited for sunny-brightly exposure, but can tolerate light shade. However it will do its best only with lots of sun and become stressed with inadequate light which could result in poor growth and unnatural shape. Direct sun is also beneficial in order to get a good spine growth. It has a good heat tolerance.
Watering: Waterings should be rather infrequent to keep the plant compact, and avoid its becoming excessively elongated and unnatural in appearance. Furthermore it has a tap root, and watering it properly is often difficult, because it tends to crack open or rot if over-watered. Keep dry in winter or when night temperatures remain below 10° C. Mature individuals easily rot and die especially after transplanting so be extremely cautious with watering. Water it less than average if in bigger pots.
Fertilization: Feed them once during the growing season with a fertilizer specifically formulated for cactus and succulents (high potash fertilizer with a dilute low nitrogen), including all micro nutrients and trace elements diluted to ½ the strength recommended on the label. They thrive in poor soils and need a limited supplies of fertilizer to avoid the plants developing excess vegetation, which is easily attacked by fungal diseases.
Special need: It is suited for airy exposures. Provide very good ventilation. Nearly all problems occur as a result of overwatering and poor ventilation, especially when weather conditions are dull and cool or very humid. They must have very dry atmosphere.
Hardiness: It likes warmth (recommended minimum winter temperature 5° C) But plants kept perfectly dry can easily survive a light frost.
Pests & diseases: These cacti may be attractive to a variety of insects, but plants in good condition should be nearly pest-free, particularly if they are grown in a mineral potting-mix, with good exposure and ventilation. Nonetheless, there are several pests to watch for:
- Red spiders: Red spiders may be effectively rubbed up by misting the plants from above.
- Mealy bugs: Mealy bugs occasionally develop aerial into the new leaves and flowers with disfiguring results, but the worst types develop underground on the roots and are invisible except by their effects.
- Scales, thrips and aphids: These insects are rarely a problem.
- Rot: Rot is only a minor problem if the plants are watered and “aired” correctly. If they are not, fungicides won't help all that much.
Reproduction: From seed, since the plant rarely produces plantlets, or grafted. The seeds can be sown in pots of fine, well-drained sandy soil, any time during the spring when temperatures are warm. Cover the seeds with a fine layer of grit and water from below with a fungicide to prevent damping off. For the 1-2 weeks cover the pots with a sheet of glass/clear perspex to keep the humidity levels high. Remove the glass and replace it with light shade-cloth and mist once or twice a day for the next two weeks after which most seeds should have germinated. From then on mistings can be reduced to every second and then every third day as the little plants grow. The seedlings should not be disturbed until they are well rooted after which they can be planted separately in small pots. Sometimes it is grafted to avoid root rot problems as plants grafted on an hardy stock are easy to grow and no special skill is required.
Turbinicarpus (Rapicactus) mandragora is very slow growing and rot prone when cultivated on its own roots, this is the reason for its rarity.